Failure Analysis Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Locate expert witnesses who may consult and testify on all areas of failure analysis by clicking on the following categories. The professionals found through this page may give opinions regarding product failure, structural failure, and metal failure. These failure analysis experts may provide reports concerning materials failure, structural analysis, stress analysis, fracture analysis, and frictionwear. They may also provide expert witness testimony regarding microstructure failure, failure cause, product performance, and vehicle mechanical failure, among other topics.
You may limit your search for Failure Analysis expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
List Your Qualifications by Clicking Here
Featured Experts
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing in areas of law including: Products Liability,...
Learn More ›
Dr. Eason combines experience from academia, industry, and consulting to address a variety of engineering and forensic subjects. His broad based materials engineering education allows him to examine product defect and safety issues of metals, plastics,...
Learn More ›
Both a mechanical and a metallurgical (including plastics) engineer, Mr. Plank provides failure analysis and investigation of claims in cases of loss or injury and has testified in cases of personal injury, property damage, and products liability in both...
Learn More ›
Daniel J. Maple is an ASCA Registered Consulting Arborist, ISA Board Certified Master Arborist, ISA Municipal Specialist, ASCA Tree & Plant Appraisal Qualified (TPAQ), ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualified (TRAQ), Qualified Tree Farm Inspector, Commercial...
Learn More ›
Mr. Caldwell has 38 years experience in materials R&D, product design and testing, manufacturing process development, quality assurance and product failure for ferrous and non-ferrous alloy products. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Ohio.
Expertise:
Automotive,...
Learn More ›
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Murray is a Mechanical Engineer and industrial safety expert with vast expertise across product design, automation, and guarding; manufacturing processes; and other complex mechanical devices and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 30 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, businesses, insurance companies, government entities with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts referred by...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Brett has over 16 years of experience as a mechanical engineering and metallurgical consultant specializing in forensic metallurgy (failure analysis). He has a strong background in the rail industry,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kendall J. Eberhardt, P.E., is the Executive Vice President of Pennsylvania Structural/Commercial Division at The Falcon Group. Kendall has over 10 years of diverse experience within the structural engineering...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Professional Engineer with more than 30 years of experience with conveyors, material handling systems, and a wide range of industrial machinery and control systems. conveyor systems, elevators,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dawn DiMarco is a practicing metallurgist with over 27 years of experience in failure analysis and accident investigation. Ms. DiMarco provides metallurgical investigations, analysis, reports and testimony...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have been very effective in litigation support by assisting attorneys in their evaluation of the merits of impending action, in testimony and in consultation with counsel during preparation for trial....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
James Derby
Ceramic Scientist & Failure Analysis Expert
James Derby is a ceramic materials scientist with extensive experience in tribology and failure analysis. James has extensive experience in processing...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Hill has over 20 years of experience in the field of Biomechanics, including over 6 years of experience investigating, analyzing, and professing matters involving a variety of forensic engineering...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert has more than 39 years of experience with underground construction and transportation, directly overseeing placement of underground infrastructure including utilities, pipelines, and conduit, while...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Alan Black PE, CSP, CFI-A has over 40 years of professional experience in concept development, engineering, safety analysis, inspection and testing of amusement park show, ride and stunt equipment, military...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Tim Leggett, P. Eng. P. E. founded Forensic Dynamics Inc. in 1988 and remains a senior accident reconstruction engineer, having reconstructed over 5300 accidents and testified in over 425 trials across...
Location:
Arizona and Washington
Areas of Expertise:
William R. Acorn is principal and founder of Acorn Consulting Services, LLC. A consulting mechanical engineer specializing in the built environment, Bill provides:
Project Design and Management...
Location:
South Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Howard specializes exclusively in the area of Industrial Machinery, Equipment, and Manufacturing. With 30+ years of experience in machines, robotics, and automation (as well as an on-going practice...
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc. has 6 consulting mechanical engineers. We have a total of nearly 100 years of experience designing mechanical equipment. Our engineers have over 80 U.S. patents on products...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Shawn has over 41 years of Elevator industry experience, which includes working with some of the largest companies in the industry, in multiple business sectors Construction, Modernization, Service and...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction and Forensic Engineering: Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ceramic Tile and Stone Consultants (CTaSC) is a full-service company providing forensic investigations and remediation, expert witness, testing, reporting, installation specifications, quality control,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Parhizkar is a distinguished expert witness renowned for her profound expertise in power grids and the oil and gas industry. With over 15 years of professional experience, Dr. Parhizkar has emerged...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Douglas J. Rowland, PE
Crash Reconstruction, Vehicle Engineering, Heavy Truck/Tractor Trailer
Doug spent more than 20 years working with all types of vehicles: automobiles, heavy trucks and buses,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
I have been engaged in the design, development, marketing and troubleshooting aspects of electrical engineering since 1983, and in the more specialized practice of forensic engineering since 2002. During...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Norris is a licensed Architect, Engineer and Contractor, whose litigation experience includes forensic analysis of large scale residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects. During...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Steven Kushnick PE is a Professional Engineer with 40+ years of experience in the field of turbomachinery. He worked for Pratt & Whitney in Mechanical Design for nine years, and has been consulting to...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Hamilton, is a professional engineer and a full-time faculty member of the University of Arkansas. In this this faculty position he is responsible for teaching undergraduate mechanical engineering...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Levi Manring is a seasoned mechanical engineer with a background in guidance, navigation, and control systems. With over nine years of professional experience at leading organizations like Lockheed Martin,...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I have consulted in matters involving industrial and consumer products, industrial work practices, and premises liability since 1980. I've been retained on several hundred occasions by both Defense and...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Paul Chen is a consumer product (non-food) safety, regulatory and retail compliance, quality assurance and control, 3rd party lab testing / inspection / auditing, CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission),...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pumerantz has regularly taught ammunition manufacturing processes and toolmark identification to law enforcement agencies, including DOJ, LAPD, and LASO since 2008. His students continue to use the...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MARK E. WILLIAMS, AIA, NCARB
Premises Safety, Construction Claims, & Architect Professional Liability
Mr. Williams brings over 30 years of practical experience preparing construction documents and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pfeifer is an Engineering Expert with over 25 years of experience investigating thousands of cases involving a variety of forensic engineering issues. He is a leading expert in accident reconstruction,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Robson Forensic is a national leader in expert witness consulting, providing technical expertise across many fields within engineering, architecture, science, and a broad range of specialty disciplines.
We...
Location:
British Columbia
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. LaCas is a Professional Engineer and Hydrologist with international experience including US/Canada with expertise in floods, drainage, stormwater, ocean shoreline, bridges, culverts, levees and dams.
Scope...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have specialized expertise in all areas of the Furniture, Seating and Table Industries. Our firm's services encompass Expert Witness work, Litigation and/or Strategic Consulting for a wide variety...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer Chad Jones is a licensed professional engineer in multiple states, a NAFI Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator, NAFI Certified Vehicle Fire Investigator,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
R. Scott has been with DJS Associates, Inc., since 1999 and specializes in the mechanical aspects of automobiles, small trucks, commercial trucks and other vehicles. With over 35 years of experience in...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kristopher J Seluga, M.S., P.E. (CT & NY)
Our staff of experienced engineers are ready to apply established scientific and engineering knowledge and techniques to your case. Our staff has published...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Karl R. Leinsing, MSME, PE, is the President of ATech Designs, Inc. His medical experience includes intravenous (IV) systems & disposables, hernia repair, endometrial ablation, cardiovascular systems,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Fong is a Registered Geotechnical Engineer with 50 years of professional experience on major project assignments, including soil and foundation investigations, geologic and seismic investigations,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Applegate is an independent registered consulting arborist, certified arborist, certified tree risk assessor, and CEO of Arborgate Consulting, Inc. He has been in the horticulture industry since 1963,...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
A Licensed Professional Engineer in 21 states and former licensed electrician, Tom Burtness specializes in electrical and lighting engineering for cases involving death and personal injury, industrial...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Sanford is a packaging professional with a Bachelors in Packaging Science from RIT who has worked as a packaging engineer for over 30 years. His experience spans across food, personal care, pharmaceutical,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Have over thirty years of experience in food and beverage production and manufacturing, I have extensive expertise in engineering, equipment maintenance, equipment reliability, failure analysis, equipment...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group, PA?
Our mission is to provide to you with forensic mechanical design engineering services that are dedicated to the application of the art, science and methodology of forensic...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Mark Passamaneck is a licensed Professional Engineer with expertise and certifications in the investigation and analysis of incidents involving firearms and ballistics in addition to shooting incident...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
“If it bent or broke causing loss, injury or death, I can help explain the failure.”™
Steve Roensch is a mechanical engineering consultant with 42 years of professional experience. He has analyzed hundreds...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Vozza is a Mechanical Engineer who investigates cases involving a variety of forensic engineering issues. He has worked on over 500 accident reconstruction cases in the past seven years, providing...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Thomas Lodge is a versatile and accomplished registered Architect with 30 years of broad professional experience in design, construction detailing, and construction administration for a multitude of project...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, earned registrations as Professional Engineer in Civil Engineering, as well as, in Mechanical Engineering. Additionally, he earned licenses as a General Engineering Contractor, General...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Steven Malek is an expert in vehicle engineering and heavy vehicle towing & recovery, including expertise in heavy truck repair. In the automotive industry, he performed root-cause analysis and resolution...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
A biomedical, mechanical, and manufacturing engineer, Dr. Miller has focused his work in the areas of injury causation, occupant safety, crashworthiness, product design, manufacturing processes and new...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pickett expertise covers more than 25 years of design, maintenance, compliance, training and practical experience with cranes, large rigging and marine projects, aerial devices, forklifts, conveyors,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dave is available nationwide and in Canada. Dave is a licensed mechanical engineer and certified fire and explosion investigator with extensive experience in the design, testing, service and maintenance...
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
Roger W. Griffith, P.E. provides engineering design, forensic analysis, and expert witness consulting in plumbing, fuel gas systems, HVAC, and fire protection. Specialty areas include hot water systems,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states (IL,PA,DE,NJ,TX,MD,FL) and Prof. Planner (PP) NJ. Engineering expert with 50 years' experience in Engineering and Environmental...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ph.D. in civil engineering-transportation engineering. I provide expert witness services in traffic engineering, highway design, roadway design, pavements, design standards, traffic control devices, accident...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Robert A. Iezzi, Ph.D. is a materials scientist specializing in paints, coatings, corrosion, plastics, and chemical pretreatments for plastics and metals. He frequently serves as an expert witness in litigation...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Anderson Materials Evaluation is an independent materials analysis laboratory established in 1995 offering materials testing, failure analysis, quality control, materials verification, manufacturing problem-solving,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Carl Berkowitz, Ph.D., PE, AICP is a transportation and traffic engineering expert and serves as a litigation consultant. He is frequently consulted at the initial stages of a potential litigation for...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Nikhil’s focus is on mechanical/metallurgical/materials behavior and equipment function to determine cause(s) of premature failure. His background in mechanical engineering and materials science has allowed...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Luke Elrath has worked as a product manager for large and small bicycle manufacturers, raced competitively on the road, in the velodrome and on trails, and travels daily by bike on urban roadways. In addition...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Captain David G. Bacon, a U.S. Coast Guard licensed vessel captain available as an expert witness on cases involving; boating accidents, slip & falls, personal injuries, collisions and allisions, issues...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Matthew is a consumer product safety expert with nearly 15 years’ experience in the testing, inspection, and certification industry. He is U.S., Canadian, and EU regulatory expert. Managed the technical...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 90 cases with testimony/trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering and construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kenneth Kutchek, PE, C.F.E.I., CMSE, is an electrical engineer with more than 30 years of hands-on experience in manufacturing, industrial automation, process control, electrical design and software development....
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Scott Anson has been practicing and teaching Mechanical and Materials engineering for over 29 years. The first 8 years were in industry engineering roles involving process development and tooling design,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Tire Design, Manufacturing, and Failure Expert
Richard Sherman is an automotive engineer who specializes in tire design and failure analysis. He applies his expertise nationally to forensic casework...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Frizzi’s geotechnical engineering and project management experience is extensive, with particular emphasis on: foundation design and construction in urban areas, and large-scale land and waterfront...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Ganaja specializes in the design and manufacture of bicycles and e-bikes, exercise and medical equipment. He is experienced in matters involving products liability and intellectual property.
Mr....
Location:
Georgia and New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. McHugh has over 40 years of experience as a Civil Engineer and provides technical investigations, analysis, engineering reports and testimony regarding construction and construction safety, motor vehicle...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Ryan Forensics division of Ryan Engineering, Inc. is a full-service firm that provides quality, value-adding, professional services at competitive rates. We are a team of professional engineers licensed...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Engineering investigation and analysis to determine the cause of electrical malfunctions, failures or injury. I obtained hands on experience to
determine the cause of electrical problems and make repairs...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Experts in tile and stone selection and installation, including pools and spas, NTSA provides forensic investigation, failure analysis, inspections and consultations regarding stone, ceramic, glass mosaics,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Eckstine has over 30 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has expertise and extensive experience...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Bob Kingsbery consults and testifies on cases involving auto / livestock collisions, motorcycle / livestock collisions and truck / livestock collisions, as well as fencing related cases (escaped, loose,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Dale J. Cagwin, P.E., C.F.E.I. is a Licensed Professional Engineer in multiple states and a Certified Fire Protection Specialist. His experience includes fire protection engineering and HVAC, mechanical,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Louis Vanacore is a professional engineer with extensive experience in the management of complex engineering projects. Today he serves J. B. Shepherd & Company, Inc. as a mechanical engineering consultant...
Location:
Kentucky
Areas of Expertise:
I am the Chief Medical Physicist in Radiation Oncology at a facility in New Albany, Indiana. I am responsible for all scientific and technical aspects of imaging, treatment and radiation safety and am...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Steve Noonan P.E.
Mechanical Engineer & Rail Systems Expert
Steve Noonan is a mechanical systems engineer with railroad systems expertise in vehicles, equipment, and facilities. He has over 40 years...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ivey Engineering, Inc. (IEI) is an HVAC, plumbing, process piping, fire sprinkler and energy management consulting firm. The firm primarily performs design and expert witness consulting relating to construction,...
Location:
Idaho and Washington
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Website: www.ATVexpertwitness.com
Additional Website: www.OHVtraining.org
Uhl has been qualified in state and federal courts across the nation as an Expert Witness in cases...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Professor Leon A. Kappelman, Ph.D. is a research scientist, teacher, author, speaker, and adviser dedicated to helping organizations and individuals better manage their information, technology, human,...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
FORENSIC ENGINEERING: We conduct incident investigations when a medical device may have contributed to death or injury. We inspect and test medical devices to determine their safety and function relative...
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Engineers, industrial designers, and other experts in automation, mechatronics, robotics, and consumer products provide expert witness services and litigation support in patent cases, product liability...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
4X Forensic Engineering Laboratories is a full-service forensic engineering laboratory. We provide expert witness and analytical & testing services in the areas of fire & explosion analysis, water loss...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Chris E. Scott is President of Material Answers LLC. He specializes in material structure, properties, and processing. His work emphasizes thermoplastics, thermosets, blends, composites, and multicomponent...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Behrens has 40 years of experience in Mechanical Engineering, with the last 37 years focusing on Failure Analysis and Forensic Engineering. Areas of expertise include Vehicle Fire Origin & Cause (including...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Capser is an ASA Accredited Professional Statistician (PStat) and a Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Michigan.
He is an expert witness in areas of statistical and reliability methods....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
35+ years' experience in product design, product development, manufacturing. Product innovation part-time academic since 2009. Extensive speaking experience. Certified New Product Development Professional...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Meyers is an experienced aircraft accident investigator, and has work experience as an engineer, pilot, and mechanic. He's an adjunct aviation instructor at Lewis University, and teaches courses pertaining...
Location:
Illinois and Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
R. Kevin Smith, P.E., D.F.E. is President of R. K. Smith Engineering Inc. since 1997, a mechanical engineering safety and design consulting firm. Kevin has consulted on over a thousand matters nationwide...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. D.R. Foster is the Principal Engineer at Expert Welding Engineering and Inspection, where he focuses on welding engineering consulting and the training of engineers and technicians.
Dr. Foster is...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Head has more than 40 years of structural engineering analysis, design and project/construction management experience in Saudi Arabia and the United States including the design of new facilities,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Failure Analysis FAQs
What is a failure analysis expert witness?
A failure analysis expert witness is an individual with specialized knowledge in the investigation and determination of the causes of failures, particularly in engineering and product design, using analytical methods such as material testing, non-destructive evaluation, and computer simulations.
What is the role of a failure analysis expert witness?
Failure analysis expert witness plays a role in determining the cause of failure in legal proceedings.
How much can a person make as a failure analysis expert witness?
Failure analysis expert witnesses may make anywhere from $175 to $400 or more per hour, depending the negotiated rate between the retaining attorney and the expert.
What are the qualifications of a failure analysis expert witness?
Failure analysis expert witnesses should possess knowledge in engineering, materials science, and product design.
What type of evidence is gathered in a legal proceeding by a failure analysis expert witness?
A failure analysis expert witness gathers physical evidence, conducts tests and experiments, reviews documents and data, and provides expert opinions on the cause of failure in a legal proceeding.
In what type of cases would testimony be required from a failure analysis expert witness?
A failure analysis expert witness may be required in cases involving product liability, construction defects, industrial accidents, and transportation accidents where the cause of failure needs to be determined.
Failure Analysis Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming