Products Liability Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Consultants and expert witnesses who may provide expert witness testimony regarding products liability may be found by clicking on the following listed areas of expertise. Products liability experts found on this page may consult on issues involving consumer products safety, consumer products warnings, and product design. These experts may provide reports concerning product failure, product testing, and product defects. These consultants may also testify on aggregate products liability limits, hazardous toys, product recalls, consumer protection claims, design defects, manufacturing defects, warranty claims, express warranties, and implied warranties, as well as related topics.
You may limit your search for Products Liability expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Mr. Caldwell has 38 years experience in materials R&D, product design and testing, manufacturing process development, quality assurance and product failure for ferrous and non-ferrous alloy products. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Ohio.
Expertise:
Automotive,...
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Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing in areas of law including: Products Liability,...
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Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters involving human factors, safety, personal injury...
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Ivey Engineering, Inc. (IEI) is an HVAC, plumbing, process piping, fire sprinkler and energy management consulting firm. The firm primarily performs design and expert witness consulting relating to construction, products, injuries and causality losses....
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Dennis Eckstine has over 30 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has expertise and extensive experience with cranes, aerial platforms, lifts, trucks, farm...
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Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Senior Consulting Engineer Bob Hickman is a Licensed Professional Engineer in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, and Texas, and a Certified Machinery Safety Expert. He has over 30 years of manufacturing...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Kent is a Kinesiologist and Certified Medical Investigator with offices in Southern California and the Reno/Lake Tahoe area. He has provided consultation and expert witness services since 1983. His...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Professional Engineer with more than 30 years of experience with conveyors, material handling systems, and a wide range of industrial machinery and control systems. conveyor systems, elevators,...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Behrens has 40 years of experience in Mechanical Engineering, with the last 37 years focusing on Failure Analysis and Forensic Engineering. Areas of expertise include Vehicle Fire Origin & Cause (including...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Areas of specialization: toy safety consulting; toy safety expert witness; product liability prevention; toy safety design, development, engineering, and manufacturing; product safety consulting; product...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
James Derby
Ceramic Scientist & Failure Analysis Expert
James Derby is a ceramic materials scientist with extensive experience in tribology and failure analysis. James has extensive experience in processing...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
For over 48 years, Joe L. Williams,CPCU has been an insurance agent/broker and risk management consultant. Joe is the former Chairman and CEO of a large Houston brokerage firm sold to a subsiduary of Wells...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 35 years of Forensic Engineering work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1100 cases
- prepared and issued over 700 written reports
- prepared and issued...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Chris Robertson is a materials scientist and engineer with 24 years of experience in the tire, synthetic rubber/elastomers, rubber chemicals, and plastics industries. He has a diverse background in...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Location: All 50 states. Kevin A. Rider, PhD, PE, CPE is a human factors expert, providing forensic engineering in the areas of driver behavior/attention, cell phone distraction, motor vehicle and pedestrian...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Yates has a Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering and specializes in accident reconstruction. Current work includes the analysis and reconstruction of vehicular accidents, including vehicular dynamics and occupant restraint systems.
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Nationwide. Unused retainers are refunded (above case min.)! Mr. Burton is an ex-manufacturer experienced in testimony, manufacturing, design, planning, installation, safety inspections and safety audits,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Meyer R. Rosen, President of Interactive Consulting, Inc. has over thirty-five years of industrial and academic experience in chemistry and chemical engineering. He serves as a Forensic expert witness...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ron Schaible, CIH, CSP, P.E. is Certified in the Comprehensive Practice of Industrial Hygiene (CIH), Certified Safety Professional (CSP), a Registered Professional Engineer #36714-Safety (Massachusetts),...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Levine is a Professional Engineer in NY and NJ in private consulting practice since 1983. He has worked in the field of Traffic, Highway and Civil Engineering since 1970. He has a BSCE from Michigan...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Ryan Forensics division of Ryan Engineering, Inc. is a full-service firm that provides quality, value-adding, professional services at competitive rates. We are a team of professional engineers licensed...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Daryl L. Ebersole, PE, is a licensed Professional Engineer in more than 10 states. He has also testified at trial in approximately 10 states. He is a proven investigator of electrical causes of fires,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer Chad Jones is a licensed professional engineer in multiple states, a NAFI Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator, NAFI Certified Vehicle Fire Investigator,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pollock has 25 years of engineering experience working on regional, national and global projects in designing, consulting, project and construction management, construction defects, operations, maintenance,...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Paul Chen is a consumer product (non-food) safety, regulatory and retail compliance, quality assurance and control, 3rd party lab testing / inspection / auditing, CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission),...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Both a mechanical and a metallurgical (including plastics) engineer, Mr. Plank provides failure analysis and investigation of claims in cases of loss or injury and has testified in cases of personal injury,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Murray is a Mechanical Engineer and industrial safety expert with vast expertise across product design, automation, and guarding; manufacturing processes; and other complex mechanical devices and...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction and Forensic Engineering: Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 90 cases with testimony/trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering and construction...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Matthew is a consumer product safety expert with nearly 15 years’ experience in the testing, inspection, and certification industry. He is U.S., Canadian, and EU regulatory expert. Managed the technical...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Harvey C. Voris’ entire engineering career has been devoted to the fitness industry. With over 34 years of fitness equipment design experience and seven utility patents Mr. Voris will bring added credibility...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Trusted By 32 of the Top 100 Insurance Law Firms (see list of 32 Top Law Firms below)
I have 35 years both as an underwriter and insurance broker in property-casualty insurance, captive formation and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
All-Terrain Vehicle Safety Consulting (ATVSC) was formed in 2002 to serve as a quality resource for ATV operator training, safety, and expert analysis of ATV related accidents. Since 2002 ATVSC has broadened...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Scott Anson has been practicing and teaching Mechanical and Materials engineering for over 29 years. The first 8 years were in industry engineering roles involving process development and tooling design,...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Purswell has been qualified as an expert in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Industrial Safety (including OSHA issues) and Product Safety. He has testified in numerous cases with respect to the adequacy...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kenneth Kutchek, PE, C.F.E.I., CMSE, is an electrical engineer with more than 30 years of hands-on experience in manufacturing, industrial automation, process control, electrical design and software development....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
BARTLEY J. ECKHARDT – P.E.
Marine and Mechanical Engineer
What better expert to retain for matters relating to marine and industrial engineering than a Merchant Mariner who’s versed in ship design...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Luke Elrath has worked as a product manager for large and small bicycle manufacturers, raced competitively on the road, in the velodrome and on trails, and travels daily by bike on urban roadways. In addition...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 30 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, businesses, insurance companies, government entities with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts referred by...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Jeffrey Gotro is a polymers and plastics expert with 40 years' experience and provides polymer consulting, litigation support and expert witness services.
Areas of Polymer/plastics Expertise:
Specialty...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Chris E. Scott is President of Material Answers LLC. He specializes in material structure, properties, and processing. His work emphasizes thermoplastics, thermosets, blends, composites, and multicomponent...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
There are four PhD and registered Professional Engineers at Miller Engineering who are celebrating 40 years of Professorships at three universities along with providing services to Government, Insurance,...
Location:
Arizona and Washington
Areas of Expertise:
William R. Acorn is principal and founder of Acorn Consulting Services, LLC. A consulting mechanical engineer specializing in the built environment, Bill provides:
Project Design and Management...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ralph Aronberg, P.E., established the firm in 1983. Since that time, Mr. Aronberg has reconstructed over 1500 accidents and testified in over 150 jury trials. Mr. Aronberg had been qualified as an expert...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Robert Rowe is the Owner/Operator of Pyrocop, Inc., a Southern California based fire investigation and fire consulting company that provides unmatched fire expert services both nationally and internationally....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group, PA?
Our mission is to provide to you with forensic mechanical design engineering services that are dedicated to the application of the art, science and methodology of forensic...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Vozza is a Mechanical Engineer who investigates cases involving a variety of forensic engineering issues. He has worked on over 500 accident reconstruction cases in the past seven years, providing...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Tim Leggett, P. Eng. P. E. founded Forensic Dynamics Inc. in 1988 and remains a senior accident reconstruction engineer, having reconstructed over 5300 accidents and testified in over 425 trials across...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Ganaja specializes in the design and manufacture of bicycles and e-bikes, exercise and medical equipment. He is experienced in matters involving products liability and intellectual property.
Mr....
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Engineers, industrial designers, and other experts in automation, mechatronics, robotics, and consumer products provide expert witness services and litigation support in patent cases, product liability...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
My engineering consulting practice is focused on the following areas: Railroad Accident Reconstruction and litigation, Metallurgical Engineering/Failure Analysis, Railroad Engineering, new product development...
Location:
Illinois and Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
R. Kevin Smith, P.E., D.F.E. is President of R. K. Smith Engineering Inc. since 1997, a mechanical engineering safety and design consulting firm. Kevin has consulted on over a thousand matters nationwide...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Susan Maccoy is an actively practicing award-winning hair artist, image consultant, and educator to the beauty salon industry. She is an expert witness and consultant for litigation and other legal matters....
Location:
North Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Serving insurance companies and law firms since 1999, A. D. Stokes, LLC, (ADS) is a forensic consulting firm that specializes in accident investigation and accident reconstruction, as well as diagrams,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
MORRIS FARKAS, Professional Safety Engineer, has 39 years of experience in construction, demolition, industrial and electrical safety, with the following credentials: Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Zal Phiroz (PhD) is a supply chain specialist, with faculty appointments Harvard University, industry experience at P&G, and an established background as an expert witness on complex supply chain related...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I have consulted in matters involving industrial and consumer products, industrial work practices, and premises liability since 1980. I've been retained on several hundred occasions by both Defense and...
Location:
California and Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1985, Dr. Stephenson has provided a wide range of economic damages assessment and expert testimony in complex tort and commercial litigation, involving various industries including high-tech manufacturing,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dave is available nationwide and in Canada. Dave is a licensed mechanical engineer and certified fire and explosion investigator with extensive experience in the design, testing, service and maintenance...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Forensic scientist in floor related litigation including slip & falls, all materials and installation, moisture vapor testing, and Slip Resistance testing. Member of ASTM. Marble Institute of America,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide* Electrical Engineer specializing in electrical equipment failures, fires and explosions, electrocution and electric shock accidents, solar system failures, and more.
Senior Consulting...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
John R. Yannaccone, PE has been an engineer for over 25 years. For over 20 of those years, he has worked in the forensic engineering field. Most of his work has been related to the investigation and analysis...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Alan Black PE, CSP, CFI-A has over 40 years of professional experience in concept development, engineering, safety analysis, inspection and testing of amusement park show, ride and stunt equipment, military...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kristopher J Seluga, M.S., P.E. (CT & NY)
Our staff of experienced engineers are ready to apply established scientific and engineering knowledge and techniques to your case. Our staff has published...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Dale J. Cagwin, P.E., C.F.E.I. is a Licensed Professional Engineer in multiple states and a Certified Fire Protection Specialist. His experience includes fire protection engineering and HVAC, mechanical,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Vangura is an engineering professional with nearly forty years of experience in product design, development, manufacturing, and testing with twenty-five of those years in medical devices. Mr. Vangura...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. McAllister is the Founder and Technical Director of FireTox, LLC. Dr. McAllister is a certified fire investigator (CFI), licensed fire protection engineer (FPE), a forensic toxicologist, and a certified...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
With more than 50 years of experience working for several major insurance carriers as a Senior Vice President of Claims, Operations and as a licensed insurance agent and public insurance adjuster, I am...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Jeffrey M. Kobilka, P.E., C.F.E.I.
Electrical Engineer & Industrial Controls Expert
Jeffrey Kobilka is an electrical engineer with more than a decade of professional experience in the engineering design...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pina has forty plus years of experience in safety, health, Personal protective equipment, PPE, and environmental management/loss prevention for construction, demolition, coal, chemical, steel, environmental...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
I have been engaged in the design, development, marketing and troubleshooting aspects of electrical engineering since 1983, and in the more specialized practice of forensic engineering since 2002. During...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Stanley Jaworski, P.E., C.F.E.I., C.V.F.I.
Mechanical Engineer & Building Systems Expert
Stanley Jaworski is a mechanical engineer with a diverse range of professional and vocational experience. As...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have specialized expertise in all areas of the Furniture, Seating and Table Industries. Our firm's services encompass Expert Witness work, Litigation and/or Strategic Consulting for a wide variety...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Personal injury analyst. BA, MS, SM, PhD in physics & psychology (including MIT); 45 yrs R&D, teaching, trial testimony, industrial training, 'in the trenches'. Perception, vision, warnings, equipment/product...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Sanford is a packaging professional with a Bachelors in Packaging Science from RIT who has worked as a packaging engineer for over 30 years. His experience spans across food, personal care, pharmaceutical,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mike Panish is a legal expert witness and consultant specializing in most construction trades (defects & injuries), automatic door systems, doors, door hardware, door sensors, gates, cabinetry, architectural...
Location:
South Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Howard specializes exclusively in the area of Industrial Machinery, Equipment, and Manufacturing. With 30+ years of experience in machines, robotics, and automation (as well as an on-going practice...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ernest P. Chiodo, M.D., J.D., M.P.H., M.S., M.B.A., C.I.H. is a physician, an attorney, a Certified Industrial Hygienist (C.I.H), toxicologist, and a biomedical (biomechanical) engineer. Dr. Chiodo received...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Professor Leon A. Kappelman, Ph.D. is a research scientist, teacher, author, speaker, and adviser dedicated to helping organizations and individuals better manage their information, technology, human,...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
A former OSHA Area Director and District Supervisor, I am now a consultant with OSHAware, LLC. OSHAware is a firm providing assistance to counsel regarding OSHA regulations, worksite safety/hazard analysis,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
With training from Harvard, Yale, and Columbia, Dr. Daniel Cousin is a fellowship-trained dual-boarded expert in Diagnostic Radiology certified by both the American Board of Radiology and also by the National...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states (IL,PA,DE,NJ,TX,MD,FL) and Prof. Planner (PP) NJ. Engineering expert with 50 years' experience in Engineering and Environmental...
Location:
Kentucky
Areas of Expertise:
I am the Chief Medical Physicist in Radiation Oncology at a facility in New Albany, Indiana. I am responsible for all scientific and technical aspects of imaging, treatment and radiation safety and am...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ed Gray is a Facilities Engineer, Property Management Expert, and Patented Inventor with over 36 years of combined professional experience in marine and shoreside facilities. As an expert at Robson Forensic,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Zeller is an accomplished engineer with more than 10 years of experience in biomechanics and computational dynamics fields. He has investigated hundreds of cases ranging from motor vehicle accidents,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
ARBIO has offices in Truckee, CA (CalNeva) and Orange, CA (Main Office).
Qualified in both Accident Reconstruction & Forensic Biomechanical Engineering, ARBIO (Accident Reconstruction & Biomechanics)...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
35+ years' experience in product design, product development, manufacturing. Product innovation part-time academic since 2009. Extensive speaking experience. Certified New Product Development Professional...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Kenneth Nemire, Ph.D., CPE has provided litigation support on premises, products, motor vehicle, and workplace accident cases for over 18 years and has been retained by both plaintiff and defense.
He...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Andrea Merrill, MD is an Assistant Professor of Surgery at the Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine and a Surgical Oncologist at Boston Medical Center. She is board certified by the American Board...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert witness testimony in complex litigation involving business, real estate, personal injury, marital dissolution, liability issues, damage analysis of lost profits, unjust enrichment, reasonable royalties...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Welcome to SepiSolar, where passion meets expertise in upholding the integrity of the solar industry. As fervent advocates for sustainable energy, we have positioned ourselves as the premier expert witness...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
BUILDING & PREMISES EXPERT, Review and research to render opinions on correct building codes and life-safety standards concerning construction, ADA & OSHA issues. Opinions on causation & foreseeability,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Craig Good, Ph.D., P.Eng. (COLLISION ANALYSIS) has extensive experience in injury biomechanics including trampoline & foam pit injuries and automotive product failure/product liability cases including...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Curtis Beloy, MS, PE is a board-certified forensic engineer specializing in vehicle accident analysis, defect investigations, and video evidence analysis.
He uses state-of-the-art forensic engineering...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Eason combines experience from academia, industry, and consulting to address a variety of engineering and forensic subjects. His broad based materials engineering education allows him to examine product...
Products Liability FAQs
What is a products liability expert witness?
A products liability expert witness is a professional who provides testimony on cases involving injuries allegedly caused by defective products. They may opine on product design, safety regulations, product operation, manufacturing, and warnings, among related topics.
What is the role of a products liability expert witness?
The role of a products liability expert witness is to offer expert testimony in court on the design, manufacture, and safety of products.
How much can a person make as a products liability expert witness?
Products liability expert witnesses can make between $150-$400 per hour, and even more depending on their skills, knowledge, and experience.
What are the qualifications of a products liability expert witness?
The qualifications necessary to be a products liability expert witness include a deep understanding of product design, manufacturing processes, and code compliance.
What type of evidence is gathered in a lawsuit by a products liability expert witness?
A products liability expert witness gathers evidence such as product design, manufacturing processes, safety standards, and testing procedures to determine if a product caused harm and if the manufacturer is liable.
What type of cases typically involve the testimony of a products liability expert witness?
Product liability expert witnesses are typically called upon in cases involving defective products, design flaws, manufacturing defects, inadequate warnings or instructions, and injuries or damages resulting from the use of a product.
Products Liability Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming